Notes:

[1] The term “Max Delivery Rate” means “the maximum flow rate in which target temperature – typically 38°C — will be reached”. Obviously, this measure relates to battery capacity as well; the assumption therefore is that a fully charged battery is used.

[2] “At an input temperature of 20°C and a flow rate of 50 mL/min, the Warrior warmed over 3.5 L to an average temperature of 37.8°C. Flow rates of 100 and 200 mL/min increased total heated volume with small effect on the output temperature (4.3 and 4.8 L at 37.1°C and 36.1°C, respectively). This behaviour persists at an input temperature of 10°C—warming 2.6, 2.9 and 3.3 L to 36.9°C , 35.9°C and 34.4°C at flow rates of 50, 100 and 200 mL/min, respectively. (Lehavi A, Yitzhak A, Jarassy R, et al. Emergency Med Journal, doi:10.1136/ emermed-2017-207112).

[3] “At an input temperature of 20°C and flow rates of 50 mL/min and 100 mL/min, the Thermal Angel warmed just under one litre to approximately 36°C. As flow rate increased to 200 mL/min, nearly 1.5 litres reached a substantially lower temperature of 31°C. At an input temperature of 10°C and a flow rate of 50 mL/min, the Thermal Angel warmed under 700 mL to 34°C, with an increase in total heated volume and a further, substantial decrease in output temperature as the flow increased to 100 and 200 mL/min (800 mL and 1.5 litres, at 29.4°C and 20.9°C, respectively).” (Lehavi A, Yitzhak A, Jarassy R, et al. Emergency Med Journal, doi:10.1136/ emermed-2017-207112)

[4] The term “Battery Capacity” means “the volume of fluids – in liters — that can be warmed with a single, fully charged battery”. Actual output is subject to battery condition, ambient temperature (typically 20°C ambient is assumed) and flow rates.

[5] E.g. hand pump; LifeFlow-like devices, etc.

[6] Based on the independent study results mentioned above, warming efficiency may not suffice for very intense bolus flows. It is recommended to consult with the manufacturer.

[7] Based on an independent study (Lehavi A, Yitzhak A, Jarassy R, et al. Emergency Med Journal, doi:10.1136, emermed-2017-207112)

[8] Rounded. Lower-cost option coming soon, regulatory permitting (est. $20-50)

[9] QinFlow’s estimate based on its market research; the stated prices have not been confirmed by the manufacturer